Do you know about - Cyborgs - Science Fiction to Scientific Reality
Implants Chicago! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.The year is 2021. It is two decades after the 9/11 attacks. A group of terrorists are seated at an outdoor café discussing their plans. A cat observes from about 5 meters away. Images are transmitted from its brain providing real-time information. At the same time, a tiny beetle goes unnoticed as it takes position underneath the table. It is outfitted with a nano-listening gadget that transmits the article of the terrorists' argument also in real-time. A few minutes later, a couple of pigeons land colse to and begin pecking for crumbs. As they do so, they inch closer to the table. A few minutes later, each pigeon lifts a wing dispensing a poisoned dart. Before the terrorists can react, each is dead. Elsewhere in the world, a soldier who lost his arms and legs in combat, straight through sheer perseverance and utilization of bionic limbs wins a triathlon. In the process, he outperforms mere mortals with natural limbs. Sound far-fetched? Not anymore! Cyborgs - part machine, part biological organism that can be used for scientific, medical, military/intelligence/law enforcement purposes, have become a reality thanks to scientific and technological advances presenting both promise (e.g. The possibility of considerable healing breakthroughs to restore and heighten capability of life and to extend life itself) and trepidation (e.g. As engine and organism merge, the delineating boundary of life becomes blurred impacting connected possession while the possibility of controlling human belief and activity becomes frighteningly real).
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The term "cyborg" was coined by Nasa scientists Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline in 1960 when discussing the hypothetical advantages of human-machines in space. Although such cybernetic organisms became the realm of science fiction, efforts to generate real-life cyborgs began even before the term was conceived and continue to this day.
· In 1950 José Delgado of Yale University inserted electrodes onto a bull's brain to gain crude control over its movements. He successfully demonstrated this control in Córdoba, Spain in 1963 when he stood in the path of a charging cyborg bull and steered it away at the last moment.
· The Central brain branch (Cia) attempted to generate its own cyborg in 1961 in execution Acoustic Kitty, in which a cat was cut open and fitted with an array of wires (one to override feelings such as hunger) and a listening gadget that utilized its tail as an antenna. The task was disbanded as a failure in 1967 when the cat on its first mission (to eavesdrop on the Soviet compound in Washington, D.C.) was killed by a bright taxi sending more than five years of arduous training and million down the drain.
Afterwards, cyborg explore remained dormant until the late 1980s, picking up steam a decade later. By this time, science and technology had advanced significantly, especially with the miniaturization of devices and components.
As cybernetic technology is added advanced and refined, the seamless synthesis of organic and synthetic parts is likely to become wide requiring modification of basic definitions of life and its connected rights, creation of applicable international protocols and an adjustment in belief perceptions. Cybernetic technology is likely to have three major applications:
Military/Intelligence/Law Enforcement:
Early efforts bright animal experiments were primarily aimed towards military/intelligence/law enforcement applications. A few of the famous experiments are listed below:
· Per an report by Bill Christensen of Technovelgy.com (Jack Into A Cat's Brain) scientists successfully produced a video of a recognizable bright scene as observed straight through a cat's eyes in 1999. This was accomplished straight through the use of electrodes that simultaneously recorded and catalogued responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus (Lgn) and 177 prime brain cells of a sharp-eyed cat. Though the images were not as sharp as those seen by human eyes and recorded by camcorders, technology continues to improve. In the near time to come adjustments will likely heighten clarity and capability of feline foresight and cats prime for guard operations may even have their natural eyes substituted with cybernetic devices qualified with minuscule cameras (a moral concern).
· In 2002, a team led by John Chapin at the State University of New York (Suny) created cyborg rats by implanting electrodes on their brains. They were then trained to move in accordance to impulses delivered via the electrodes and to seek specific scents (e.g. Human, explosives, exploding dye, etc.). When tested, each cyborg rat was fitted with a tiny camera to provide indication of mission success. The rats were then successfully guided to a specific location via radio-controlled impulses. Afterwards, the implants were powered down and as soon as the rats realized they were free of their control, they went into a sniffing mode and successfully identified the source of a target odor. The process took only a few minutes and was successfully duplicated in added tests.
· In 2005, a team of scientists led by Su Xuecheng at the Shandong University of Science and Technology in Qingdao, China, successfully controlled pigeon flight (direction and ascent/descent) via wireless signal transmitted to electrodes implanted onto their brains from a laptop computer. Similarly, in 2006, Jelle Atema of Boston University controlled directional movement of a spring dogfish (a small type of shark) via a neural implant that stimulated the left or right olfactory area of its brain.
In light of such success, the U.S. branch of Defense (DoD) and U.S. Defense advanced Projects branch (Darpa), the latter which has been disbanded, have also made considerable progress. The latest phase of the DoD's efforts - the amelioration of Hybrid Insect Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (Hi-Mems) - is focused on "small" (to generate inconspicuous cyborgs) and confidence on insect flight, which is unmatched with regard to agility. Experiments have been conducted on beetles, flies and moths.
Since 2008 any milestones have been accomplished:
· Tobacco hornworms fitted with minuscule electronic implants survived and grew into adult Manduca moths with no complications. X-rays unveiled at the 2008 Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (Mems) argument held in Tucson, Arizona showed good tissue increase colse to probes that had been implanted where abdominal segments would have grown while the larval stage after a measure of their thorax was removed to make room for the implants. Hookworms fitted with cybernetic devices showed no signs of complications, adverse impairments or rejection while metamorphosis.
· A video, created at the Boyce Thompson develop in Ithaca, New York documenting thriving control of moth flight was also shown while the 2008 Mems conference. Moth movement was controlled by a series of 5-volt shocks that stimulated their wing muscles delivered via tethered wires. Uniform stimuli considered wing-speed resulting in ascent/descent while stimuli applied to wing muscles on one side or the other considered direction.
· A similar process used by a team of researchers led by Michel Maharbiz of the University of California (Unc) Berkeley succeeded with Green June Beetles. Negative impulses from neural implants (transmitted via tethered wires) activated the beetles' wings resulting in ascent; safe bet impulses halted their wing movement resulting in descent. Lift and descent were controlled by rapid switching in the middle of the two types of impulses. At the same time, directional control of beetle flight was achieved in two ways - via a mounted Led in front of their eyes and by impulses to whether its left or right basilar muscle.
· The same Unc Berkeley team unveiled a wireless ideas that successfully controlled Rhinoceros Beetle flight while the 2009 Mems argument held in Sorrento, Italy.
The gift objective of the DoD funded explore is to generate insect cyborgs that can be remotely controlled from at least 100 meters away, directed to land within a maximum of 5 meters from a target subject, and remain there until directed to leave. When this is successfully mastered (overcoming barriers such as high winds), minuscule cameras can be implanted for surveillance, sensors to detect biological, chemical, or radiological agents, and tiny weapons (utilizing potent poisons and hallucinogenic drugs) to assault possible targets.
Medical:
The second major application of cybernetic explore is to develop technology to medically restore or heighten human capabilities (e.g. foresight - minuscule with regard to distance, viewing and small objects, etc.; communication - minuscule to speech and writing).
In 2002, Kevin Warwick, a prominent scholar on cybernetic technology became the world's first human cyborg (documented in I, Cyborg, University of Illinois Press, Chicago, Il, 2004) in an attempt to facilitate explore aimed at these objectives. A 3-millimeter-wide silicon quadrate with 100 electrodes was implanted into his wrist to enable scientists to justify nerve signals arising from movement and sensation with the hope of providing breakthroughs for the paralyzed.
Cybernetic technology is, at a minimum, from a healing standpoint, being directed at any areas. A summary of improve and time to come aspirations for these areas is listed below:
Sight:
· In February 2007 Gingersnap, a 4-year-old Abyssinian cat suffering from a condition similar to retinitis pigmentosa (an incurable genetic disease that attacks the eye's photoreceptor cells prominent to blindness) was implanted with 2-millimeter-wide synthetic silicon retina (Asr) chips (each covered by 5,000 microphotodiodes that react to light. When these microphotodiodes react, galvanic signals are sent straight through the eye's optic nerve to the brain allowing it to detect light impulses) manufactured by Optobionics to reserve her vision. As technology improves, added data will likely be able to be transmitted enabling the brain to decipher perfect images.
· Retinal implants are currently in use to combat macular degeneration (a disorder that results in loss of foresight in the macula settled at the center of the eye, which makes it difficult to see fine details).
· taste lenses called "I, Contact" that interface with a computer mouse, in which eyeball movement controls cursor movement, have been advanced to sustain the disabled.
· Researchers at the University of Washington, having advanced taste lenses with electronic circuits and red-Leds, are working on lenses (ultimately to be powered by human neural electrical activity) that could one day provide tele/microscopic vision, enable habitancy to view the infrared measure of the light spectrum, take pictures, make videos, and even superimpose images accessed from the Internet via WiFi.
Hearing:
· More than 100,000 profoundly deaf habitancy currently use a bionic ear (cochlear implants that rely on a direct neural connection) that stimulates hearing nerves in the inner ear to understand speech and other sounds. explore is currently focused on enabling cochlear implant users to differentiate in the middle of speech and other background sounds.
Mind-Controlled Mobility:
· Although explore to provide mobility to and the capability for quadriplegics (that make up about 1.25 million of the world's population) to control major appliances such as a television and computer is still in its infancy, considerable improve is being made.
o In 2008 a monkey successfully moved a robotic arm via neural implants. In someone else instance, a rhesus monkey (Idoya) settled in North Carolina operated a robot in Japan straight through belief alone as part of the Computational Brain task led by neuroscientist Miguel A.L. Nicolelis with researchers at Duke University healing center and Japan Science and Technology Agency.
o Researchers at Osaka University in Japan are currently working with four human test subjects, each of whom has had an electrode sheet settled directly on their brain so that they can resolve the brain wave activity connected with arm, elbow, and finger movement to behold intended activity to allow mind-controlled movement of time to come prosthetics. Currently the researchers can resolve intended activity with greater than 80% activity.
o At the same time, European scientists have created a non-intrusive brain-computer interface (Bci) (though still in the explore and amelioration stage), that utilizes human brain activity and imbedded synthetic brain to control devices (e.g. Computers, wheelchairs, synthetic limbs). Bcis will eventually afford quadriplegics mobility and skills once unimaginable.
Cybernetic Limbs:
· synthetic parts are routinely used for hip and knee replacements. With regard to the latter, a newly advanced knee (presently under minuscule publish in the United States and the Netherlands) that synchronizes petition with a user's natural leg is so efficient that its recipients can nothing else but get up, climb stairs and even engage in ultimate sports.
· An arm, dubbed the "Luke Arm" after Luke Skywalker's character in Star Wars, was advanced in which movement can be controlled by nerves, muscles, and Bluetooth®-activated shoe pads enabling armless users to eat, pick up tiny objects and utilize their prosthetic arms and hands in the same way habitancy use natural arms and hands.
· An Australian woman was fitted in 2009 with the world's first fully functioning synthetic finger that can curl and grip like a natural finger straight through utilization of nerve endings.
· explore is ongoing to find a way to graft metal to bone so that skin can be grown colse to it creating compound synthetic/biological parts.
· Efforts are also being made to give prosthetic devices synthetic brain in which micro-implants into muscles and nerves will enable users to move their new limbs solely by belief (consistent with human control of natural limbs).
Cardiac Treatment:
· Ventricular sustain Devices (Vad) are currently in use by patients who although they have some heart function, need synthetic aid to reserve their lives.
· synthetic hearts have been advanced with the CardioWest temporary Total synthetic Heart (Tah-t) and AbioCor change Heart having been popular ,favorite for human use by the Food and Drug supervision (Fda). However, explore and amelioration is ongoing for a permanent device. Presently synthetic hearts have been ordinarily used on a temporary basis (until a donor heart could be found) with a few exceptions. In one such exception, a outpatient survived 512 days with an AbioCor device.
Alzheimer's/Parkinson's Disease and Epilepsy:
· Per the Bbc (13 August 2008) researchers (in 2008) at the University of Reading, in Reading, Uk created a multi-electrode array consisting of about 300,000 neurons extracted from a rat fetus to control robotic movement. The cells, kept isolate from the robot in a temperature-controlled box (filled with a pink broth solution) fitted with electrodes communicated via Bluetooth® short-wave radio. The objective is to gain a good understanding of neurons with the hope of discovering efficient treatments for Alzheimers's, Parkinson's Disease (both debilitating neurological disorders; Alzheimer's adversely impacts memory while Parkinson's disease is characterized by muscle rigidity, tremors, slowed physical movement, and impaired speech and involuntary functions), and epilepsy (a base neurological disorder characterized by repeated, spontaneous seizures).
Robotics/Computer Technology:
Future robots and computers are likely to utilize living and non-living components alike. Potentially, this could be highly problematic if such technology is applied in a malevolent or unethical way since it could lead to a new generation of slaves. Accordingly, international protocols (including those pertaining to the ethical treatment of animals) and other safeguards will be required to address these issues as cybernetic technology evolves.
In the meantime, a team of scientists led by Charles Higgins of the University of Arizona Tucson is seeking to transform insects into "high-level sensory robotic controllers [since] synthetic foresight (which is costly) [currently] can't beat living systems, which are honed to recognize objects or detect motion"[1]
At the same time, scientists at Ibm's Almaden explore center and the California develop of Technology are in the process of developing a new generation of microprocessors that utilize living Dna with the objective of creating smaller, faster, and cheaper devices.
Conclusion:
Cyborgs, once relegated to science fiction have become scientific reality providing vast military/intelligence/law enforcement, medical, and technological prospects. If cybernetic technology is used benevolently and ethically where human belief remains the original driver in lieu of imposed mind-control, it will open new windows of occasion - providing greater relaxation and improved standards of life, to quadriplegics trapped in their own bodies, to the blind imprisoned in a world of darkness, to the deaf confined in a prison of silence, and to habitancy who with age or injury, will need seamless synthetic change parts for those worn down or destroyed. It will also improve human capabilities with regard to speed, sight, communication, and endurance. Finally, when such technology gains wide acceptance and use, it is likely that the majority of the human race will be cyborg, though not in the way envisioned by science fiction.
_________
[1] The cyborg animal spies hatching in the lab. New Scientist. 6 March 2008.
Additional Sources:
Amanda O'Brien. One giant leap for robokind: cyber limbs. The Australian. 15 August 2009.
Cyborg Spies. Discovery.com. 13 February 2009. 29 August 2009. Blogs.discovery.com/good.idea/2009/02/cyborg-insect-spies.html
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